Mining leaves pits; restoration turns them into settling ponds, then fish pond, wetland and forest, forming rotating ecological units.
Gag Island in Indonesia’s Raja Ampat Islands, a marine biodiversity hotspot, faces ecological damage, livelihood disruption, health risks, and cultural loss from nickel mining. As nickel remains vital to Indonesian industry, this study proposes mining alongside restoration. It maps extraction, transport, pollution, and conflict, simulates future mining areas, and defines three zones—mines, river-coast systems, and communities—and three restoration phases. Strategies support pollution control, ecological recovery, industrial transition, health, culture, community rights, and Indigenous return.